Football violence in Europe, Piłka nożna - Inne
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S R C
SOCIAL ISSUES RESEARCH CENTRE
Football violence in Europe
A report to the Amsterdam Group
prepared by
Giovanni Carnibella, Anne Fox, Kate Fox
Joe McCann, James Marsh, Peter Marsh
July 1996
The Social Issues Research Centre
28 St. Clements
Oxford UK OX4 1AB
Tel: +44 1865 204211
Fax: +44 1865 793137
Email: group@sirc.org
I
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Football violence
in Europe
Contents
CONTENTS
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ES.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ES.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ES.3 Theory and research perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ES.4 Cross-national variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ES.5 Media coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ES.6 Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ES.7 Alcohol and football violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ES.8 Tackling football violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ES.9 Future directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1 Aims of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Football violence in history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1 Medieval origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Taming the game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Export of the
new
game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Return to the working class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 A new disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 A new disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6 Calm between the wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.7 The new hooligans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8 Hooliganism in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.9 Historical examples of violent incidents in Britain to 1960 . . . . . . . . 29
2.10 Historical examples of violent incidents in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Theoretical and research perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1 Harrington report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Lang report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Ian Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Sub-culture theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 Media Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6 Ethogenic approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.7 The Leicester School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.8 Ethnographic approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.9 Empirical approaches? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.10 European approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.10.1 Italy ..............................................51
3.10.2 Germany ..........................................55
3.10.3 Netherlands ........................................57
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3.11 Other European research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 Cross-national variations in football violence in Europe . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 Levels of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.1 Italy ..............................................62
4.2.2 Belgium ...........................................63
4.2.3 The Netherlands ....................................65
4.2.4 Germany ..........................................66
4.2.5 France ............................................66
4.2.6 Scandinavia ........................................67
4.2.7 Austria ............................................67
4.2.8 Spain .............................................68
4.2.9 Switzerland ........................................68
4.2.10 Portugal ...........................................68
4.2.11 Czech Republic .....................................69
4.2.12 Greece ............................................69
4.2.13 Albania ...........................................69
4.2.11 Czech Republic .....................................70
4.2.12 Greece ............................................70
4.2.13 Albania ...........................................70
4.3 Fan profiles and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3.1 Germany ..........................................71
4.3.2 Italy ..............................................72
4.3.3 France ............................................75
4.3.4 The Netherlands ....................................78
4.3.5 Austria ............................................79
4.3.6 Scandinavia ........................................80
4.3.7 Sweden ...........................................80
4.3.8 Denmark ..........................................82
4.3.9 Norway ...........................................83
4.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5 Media coverage of football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3 The role of the media in other European countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 Italy ..............................................96
5.3.2 The Netherlands ....................................97
5.3.3 Scotland...........................................97
5.3.4 Denmark ..........................................97
5.3.5 Austria ............................................98
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6 Racism and football fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
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6.2 Forms of Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3 Anti-racism initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.4 The European dimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7 Football violence and alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.1 The ‘alcohol- violence connection’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.2 Culture and alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.3 Ambivalence about alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.4 The
roligans
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.5 The police view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.6 Unexpected consequences of alcohol bans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.7 The case of the Scots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.8 The new research direction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8 Tackling football violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2 Policing football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.2.1 The undercover operation ............................118
8.2.2 Hooligan gangs ....................................118
8.2.3 Charges and convictions .............................118
8.2.4 Containment and escort ..............................119
8.2.5 Police criticism ....................................119
8.2.6 Inside the ground ...................................119
8.2.7 Police tactics at grounds .............................120
8.2.8 The decline of the ‘away’ fan .........................120
8.2.9 The Steward ......................................121
8.2.10 Training of Stewards ................................121
8.2.11 Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) and hand-held cameras . . 121
8.2.12 The Photophone ...................................122
8.2.13 The Hoolivan......................................122
8.2.14 1985: Bradford & Heysel ............................122
8.2.15 The Football Spectators Act (1989) ....................122
8.2.16 The Football Licensing Authority ......................123
8.2.17 Identity card and membership schemes .................123
8.2.18 The Taylor report...................................123
8.2.19 The interim report ..................................123
8.2.20 The final report ....................................124
8.2.21 All-seater stadia....................................124
8.2.22 European cooperation ...............................125
8.2.23 The Claudia Roth report and The European Parliament .....126
8.2.24 Police and technology: Euro ‘96 .......................126
8.2.25 National Crime Intelligence Service Football Unit.........126
8.2.26 Police National Coordinating Centre ...................127
8.2.27 Match Commander Group............................127
8.2.28 Senior Investigating Officers Group ....................127
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8.2.29 IT Group .........................................127
8.2.30 Press and Media Group ..............................127
8.2.31 EPI-Centre system and Photophone ....................127
8.2.32 Hooligan Hotline ...................................128
8.2.33 Spotters ..........................................128
8.3 The European Fan projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.3.1 Germany .........................................128
8.3.2
Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Fan-Projekte
and
Koodinationstelle Fanprojekte
........................129
8.3.3 Euro ‘96..........................................129
8.3.4 The Netherlands ...................................130
8.3.5 Belgium ..........................................130
8.3.6 Sweden ..........................................131
8.4 New directions in tackling football hooliganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
9 Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
SIRC
July 1996
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