Forensic Chemistry Handbook, chem
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FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
HANDBOOK
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
HANDBOOK
Edited by
Lawrence Kobilinsky
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Forensic chemistry handbook / edited by Lawrence Kobilinsky.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-471-73954-8 (cloth)
1. Chemistry, Forensic–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Forensic sciences–
Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Criminal investigation–Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Kobilinsky, Lawrence.
HV8073.F5595 2011
363.25
62–dc22
2010053071
Printed in the United States of America
ePDF ISBN: 978-1-118-06222-7
oBook ISBN: 978-1-118-06224-1
ePub ISBN:
978-1-118-06223-4
10987654321
CONTENTS
Preface
xv
Contributors
xxi
1. Forensic Environmental Chemistry
1
Anthony Carpi and Andrew J. Schweighardt
1.1
Introduction
2
1.2 Chemical Fingerprinting
4
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon Mixtures
4
1.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
6
1.2.3 Biomarkers
11
1.2.4 Additives
11
1.2.5
Isotopes
12
1.2.6 Tracers
13
1.2.7 Methods of Detection
16
1.2.8 Weathering
18
1.3 Spatial Association of Environmental Incidents
18
References
20
2. Principles and Issues in Forensic Analysis of Explosives
23
Jimmie C. Oxley, Maurice Marshall, and Sarah L. Lancaster
2.1
Introduction
24
2.2 Sample Collection
25
2.3 Packaging
29
2.4 Sorting
30
2.5 Documentation
31
2.6 Environmental Control and Monitoring
31
2.7 Storage
33
2.8 Analysis
33
2.9 Records
36
2.10 Quality Assurance
36
2.11 Safety and Other Issues
37
Conclusion
37
References
38
v
vi
CONTENTS
3. Analysis of Fire Debris
41
John J. Lentini
3.1
Introduction
42
3.2 Evolution of Separation Techniques
43
3.3 Evolution of Analytical Techniques
47
3.4 Evolution of Standard Methods
49
3.5
Isolating the Residue
51
3.5.1
Initial Sample Evaluation
51
3.5.2
ILR Isolation Method Selection
51
3.5.3 Solvent Selection
54
3.5.4
Internal Standards
54
3.5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Isolation
Methods
56
3.6 Analyzing the Isolated ILR
56
3.6.1 Criteria for Identification
63
3.6.2
Improving Sensitivity
90
3.6.3 Estimating the Degree of Evaporation
95
3.6.4
Identity of Source
98
3.7 Reporting Procedures
101
3.8 Record Keeping
102
3.9 Quality Assurance
105
Conclusion
105
References
106
4. Forensic Examination of Soils
109
Raymond C. Murray
4.1
Introduction
110
4.2 Murder and the Pond
111
4.3 Oil Slicks and Sands
113
4.4 Medical Link
114
4.5 Examination Methods
114
4.5.1 Color
115
4.5.2 Particle-Size Distribution
117
4.5.3 Stereo Binocular Microscope
120
4.5.4 Petrographic Microscope
122
4.5.5 Refractive Index
124
4.5.6 Cathodoluminescence
124
4.5.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
125
4.5.8 X-Ray Diffraction
126
4.6 Chemical Methods
127
4.6.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy
128
4.7 Looking Ahead
129
References
130
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