Freedom from War. The United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World (1961), Różne
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Freedom From War
The United States Program for General
and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277
Disarmament Series 5
Released September 1961
Office of Public Services
BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents
INTRODUCTION
The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world
divided by serious ideological differences has produced a crisis in
human history. In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war now
confronting mankind, the United States has introduced at the
Sixteenth General Assembly of the United Nations a
Program for
General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World
.
This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the
war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous
strengthening of international institutions to settle disputes and
maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive
measures which can and should be taken in order to bring about a
world in which there will be freedom from war and security for all
states. It is based on three principles deemed essential to the
achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field:
First, there must be immediate disarmament action:
A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made toward the goal
of general and complete disarmament; at the same time, it is
important that specific measures be put into effect as soon as
possible.
Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to effective
international controls:
The control organization must have the manpower, facilities, and
effectiveness to assure that limitations or reductions take place as
agreed. It must also be able to certify to all states that retained
forces and armaments do not exceed those permitted at any stage
of the disarmament process.
Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:
There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down of
national armaments on the one hand and the building up of
international peace-keeping machinery and institutions on the
other. Nations are unlikely to shed their means of self-protection in
the absence of alternative ways to safeguard their legitimate
interests. This can only be achieved through the progressive
strengthening of international institutions under the United Nations
and by creating a United Nations Peace Force to enforce the peace
as the disarmament process proceeds.
There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the United
States
Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a
Peaceful World
. The full text of the program is contained in an
appendix to this pamphlet.
FREEDOM FROM WAR
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM FOR GENERAL
AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
SUMMARY
DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The over-all goal of the United States is a free, secure, and
peaceful world of independent states adhering to common
standards of justice and international conduct and subjecting the
use of force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general
and complete disarmament under effective international control;
and a world in which adjustment to change takes place in
accordance with the principles of the United Nations.
In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the
program sets forth the following specific objectives toward which
nations should direct their efforts:
•
The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those required to
preserve internal order and for contributions to a United Nations Peace
Force;
•
The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all
weapons of mass destruction and the means for their delivery, other than
those required for a United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining
internal order;
•
The institution of effective means for the enforcement of international
agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of
peace in accordance with the principles of the United Nations;
•
The establishment and effective operation of an International
Disarmament Organization within the framework of the United Nations to
insure compliance at all times with all disarmament obligations.
TASK OF NEGOTIATING STATES
The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into
a detailed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
continue their efforts without interruption until the whole program
has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the widest
possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the
same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament
program, they are to seek agreement on those immediate
measures that would contribute to the common security of nations
and that could facilitate and form part of the total program.
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the
negotiating states in their work. These make clear that:
•
As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be progressively
strengthened in order to improve its capacity to assure international
security and the peaceful settlement of disputes;
•
Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is completed, in
stages containing balanced, phased, and safeguarded measures;
•
Each measure and stage should be carried out in an agreed period of
time, with transition from one stage to the next to take place as soon as all
measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and verified and
as soon as necessary arrangements for verification of the next stage have
been made;
•
Inspection and verification must establish both that nations carry out
scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do not retain armed
forces and armaments in excess of those permitted at any stage of the
disarmament process; and
•
Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not affect adversely
the security of any state.
DISARMAMENT STAGES
The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take
place in three stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of
international institutions.
FIRST STAGE
The first stage contains measures which would significantly reduce
the capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war. Implementation
of this stage would mean that:
•
The nuclear threat would be reduced:
All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively prohibiting the testing
of nuclear weapons.
The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons would be
stopped and quantities of such materials from past production would be
converted to non-weapons uses.
States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish control of such
weapons to any nation not owning them and would not transmit to any
such nation information or material necessary for their manufacture.
States not owning nuclear weapons would not manufacture them or
attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging to other states.
A Commission of Experts would be established to report on the feasibility
and means for the verified reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear
weapons stockpiles.
•
Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:
Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of specified categories and
weapons designed to counter such vehicles would be reduced to agreed
levels by equitable and balanced steps; their production would be
discontinued or limited; their testing would be limited or halted.
•
Arms and armed forces would be reduced:
The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union would be
limited to 2.1 million men each (with appropriate levels not exceeding that
amount for other militarily significant states); levels of armaments would
be correspondingly reduced and their production would be limited.
An Experts Commission would be established to examine and report on
the feasibility and means of accomplishing verifiable reduction and
eventual elimination of all chemical, biological and radiological weapons.
•
Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:
The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable of
producing mass destruction would be prohibited.
States would give advance notification of space vehicle and missile
launchings.
•
U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:
Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United Nations
arrangements for arbitration, for the development of international law, and
for the establishment in Stage II of a permanent U.N. Peace Force.
•
An International Disarmament Organization would be established for
effective verification of the disarmament program:
Its functions would be expanded progressively as disarmament proceeds.
It would certify to all states that agreed reductions have taken place and
that retained forces and armaments do not exceed permitted levels.
It would determine the transition from one stage to the next.
•
States would be committed to other measures to reduce international
tension and to protect against the chance of war by accident,
miscalculation, or surprise attack:
States would be committed to refrain from the threat or use of any
type of armed force contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter
and to refrain from indirect aggression and subversion against any
country.
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